Introduction

Communication Disorders involve a wide variety of problems in speech, language, and hearing. For example, speech and language disorders include stuttering, aphasia, dysfluency, voice disorders (hoarseness, breathiness, or sudden breaks in loudness or pitch), cleft lip and/or palate, articulation problems, delays in speech and language, autism, and phonological disorders.

Speech and language impairments and disorders can be attributed to environmental factors, of which the most commonly known are High Risk Register problems, which include drugs taken during pregnancy, common STD's such as syphilis, and birthing trauma to name a few. Communication disorders can also stem from other conditions such as learning disabilities, dyslexia, cerebral palsy, and mental retardation.

Individuals with communication disorder to the student with a disability as you would any other student.

• Bring to the student's attention science role models with disabilities with a similar disability to that of the student. Point out that this individual got ahead by a combination of effort and by asking for help when needed.
• Students with communication disorders should be encouraged to discuss their functional difficulties and needs in private during the first week of classes and to talk about ways to compensate.
• When it appears that a student needs help, ask if you can help. Accept a "No Thank You" graciously.
• Encourage classmates to accept the student with communicative problems.
• Be a good speech model. This will indicate to all that good communication is desirable.
• An atmosphere conductive to easy and good interactive communication should be established and maintained in the classroom.
• Consult a Speech Language expert concerning each child with a communicative disorder in your class and work with him/her throughout the class.
• Keep up-to-date on the student's accomplishments in therapy.
• Give students with speech impairments opportunity to speak in class.
• Give them time to express themselves, do not interrupt or try to fill in gaps for them.
• Speak to them naturally.

Teacher Presentation

• Maintain contact with student.
• Allow students to tape lectures.
• Provide and interpreter (signed English or American Sign Language) to those who require another form of communication.
• Encourage and assist in facilitation of participation in activities and discussions.
• Be patient.
• Be a good listener.

Laboratory

• Allow more time for the student to complete activities.
• Place the student within reasonable distance from the instructor to meet their needs.
• Anticipate areas of difficulty in access and involve the student in doing the same. Together, work out alternate procedures while trying not to disengage the student from the activity.
• For students who cannot use the computer because of other physical limitations in their hands or arms, explore avenues for obtaining adaptive access software, INCLUDING UNICORN KEYBOARDS, SPECIAL SWITCHES, POWER PADS, controlled input systems, TOUCH SCREENS, FOOTMICE and other special equipment.
• If appropriate, provide assistance, but also provide positive reinforcement when the student shows the ability to do something unaided.
• Use a peer-buddy system when appropriate.
• Lastly, consider alternate activities/exercises that can be utilized with less difficulty for the student, but has the same or similar learning objectives.

Group Interaction and Discussion

• Encourage classmates to accept the student with communicative problems.
• An atmosphere conductive to easy and good interactive communication should be established and maintained in the classroom.
• Encourage and assist in the facilitation of participation in activities and discussions.
• Allow more time for the student to complete activities.

Research

• Review and explain to the student the steps involved in a research activity. Think about which step(s) may be difficult for the specific functional limitations of the student and jointly devise accommodations for that student.
• Use appropriate lab and field strategies according to the nature of the research.
• Allow more time for the student to complete activities.
• With the student, work out alternate procedures which do not disengage the student from the activity.
• Anticipate areas of difficulty in access and involve the student with a communication disability in doing the same. Together, work out alternate procedures while trying to disengage the student from the activity.
• If appropriate, provide assistance, but also provide positive reinforcement when the student shows the ability to do something unaided.

Field Experiences

• Discuss with the student any needs, problems or alternatives he/she anticipates in the field learning environment.
• Consider alternate activities/exercises that can be utilized with less difficulty for the student, but has the same or similar learning objectives.
• Make special advance arrangements with curators during passive visiting field trips.
• When information gathering involves a physical action that the impaired student cannot perform, try a different experience yielding the same information.
• In the field, provide assistance, but also provide positive reinforcement when the student shows the ability to do something unaided.

Testing

• Allow more time for the student with communication impairments to complete tests in their optimal mode of communication.
• Design tests that are appropriate for the student's disorder (written, drawn, or oral.)
• Writers could be provided for test taking if the individual requires such assistance.
• Check to be sure that test instructions are completely understood by the child and provide any additional assistance that may be needed.